Parental effects on fertilization and hatching success and development of Atlantic halibut ( Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) embryos and larvae

The parental effects on fertilization and early life history traits were studied in Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus L. Sperm from 12 different males were used to fertilize eggs of two females in separate crosses. The fertilization success were generally high, above 80% of developing embryos at 16-cell stage in 20 of 24 crosses with an average of 85.9 ± 17.6% and 87.2 ± 16.5% for female A and female B, respectively. Corresponding hatching success was 74.8 ± 17.7% and 41.6 ± 20.1%, respectively. The relationship between fertilization success and hatching success was positive. The parental influence on hatching was dominated by a strong and significant ( p < 0.001) maternal effect; however, the paternal effect was also significant ( p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was no relationship between fertilization success, hatching success and larvae viability as a high number of larvae developed locked jaws (i.e., were not functional). There was a significant ( p < 0.01) difference in yield of functional larvae of female A (43%) and female B (56%), and also between crosses sired by different males. The standard length of offspring of female A (12.4 ± 0.5 mm) and B (12.6 ± 0.6 mm) were significantly ( p < 0.001) different, and also significantly influenced by both the female ( p < 0.001) and the male ( p < 0.001). The present paper provides strong indications that not only the female, but also the male parent influences quantitative features of early development of their offspring.