Influence of airway diameter and cell confluence on epithelial cell injury in an in vitro model of airway reopening

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics and 2 Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania Submitted 8 February 2007 ; accepted in final form 31 July 2007 Recent advances in the ventilation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), including ventilation at low lung volumes, have resulted in a decreased mortality rate. However, even low-lung volume ventilation may exacerbate lung injury due to the cyclic opening and closing of fluid-occluded airways. Specifically, the hydrodynamic stresses generated during airway reopening may result in epithelial cell (EpC) injury. We utilized an in vitro cell culture model of airway reopening to investigate the effect of reopening velocity, airway diameter, cell confluence, and cyclic closure/reopening on cellular injury. Reopening dynamics were simulated by propagating a constant-velocity air bubble in an adjustable-height parallel-plate flow chamber. This chamber was occluded with different types of fluids and contained either a confluent or a subconfluent monolayer of EpC. Fluorescence microscopy was used to quantify morphological properties and percentage of dead cells under different experimental conditions. Decreasing channel height and reopening velocity resulted in a larger percentage of dead cells due to an increase in the spatial pressure gradient applied to the EpC. These results indicate that distal regions of the lung are more prone to injury and that rapid inflation may be cytoprotective. Repeated reopening events and subconfluent conditions resulted in significant cellular detachment. In addition, we observed a larger percentage of dead cells under subconfluent conditions. Analysis of this data suggests that in addition to the magnitude of the hydrodynamic stresses generated during reopening, EpC morphological, biomechanical, and microstructural properties may also be important determinants of cell injury. ventilator-induced lung injury; pulmonary edema; microbubble flows; cellular injury; microfluidics; cytoskeleton; cell mechanics; surface tension; pressure gradients; shear stress Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: S. N. Ghadiali, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Rm. 265 Packard Lab, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (e-mail: sag3{at}lehigh.edu )