The proteomic profile of Fusobacterium nucleatum is regulated by growth pH

1 Oral Microbiology Laboratory, Dental School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia 2 Protein Core Facility, Hanson Institute, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia Correspondence Peter S. Zilm peter.zilm{at}adelaide.edu.au Fusobacterium nucleatum is a saccharolytic Gram-negative anaerobic organism believed to play an important role in the microbial succession associated with the development of periodontal disease. Its genome contains niche-specific genes shared with the other inhabitants of dental plaque, which may help to explain its ability to survive and grow in the changing environmental conditions experienced in the gingival sulcus during the transition from health to disease. The pH of the gingival sulcus increases during the development of periodontitis and this is thought to occur by the metabolism of nutrients supplied by gingival crevicular fluid. In comparison with other plaque inhabitants, F. nucleatum has the greatest ability to neutralize acidic environments. The differential expression of soluble cytoplasmic proteins induced by acidic (pH 6.4) or basic (pH 7.4 and 7.8) conditions, during long-term anaerobic growth in a chemostat, was identified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and image analysis software. Twenty-two proteins, found to have altered expression in response to external pH, were identified by tryptic digestion and mass spectrometry. Eight differentially expressed proteins associated with increased energy (ATP) production via the 2-oxoglutarate and Embden–Meyerhof pathways appeared to be directed towards either cellular biosynthesis or the maintenance of internal homeostasis. Overall, these results represent the first proteomic investigation of F. nucleatum and the identification of gene products which may be important in the organism's persistence during the transition from health to disease in vivo . Abbreviations: TCEP, tris-(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine hydrochloride Present address: Adelaide Proteomics Centre, Hanson Institute, Adelaide, Australia. Present address: Department of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. Present address: Toxicology, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, The Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, Australia.