Predicting outcome in the surgical treatment of lumbar radiculopathy using the Pain Drawing Score, McGill Short Form Pain Questionnaire, and risk factors including psychosocial issues and axial joint pain

Abstract Background The surgical decompression of a symptomatic lumbar nerve root is generally regarded as effective treatment for radiculopathy. Nevertheless this straightforward surgical procedure is not universally successful, and the results are often independent of technical factors. Purpose To identify tools and risk factors that would permit the preoperative determination of the probability for an acceptable surgical result. Study design Prospective consecutive nonrandomized study evaluating the short-term result (average 12 months follow-up) of the surgical decompression of a single spinal nerve. Patient sample 110 adult patients who had failed conservative treatment were carefully selected after identification of predominate symptoms secondary to disc herniation, synovial cyst, or foramenal stenosis due to spondylosis. Outcome measures A combination of 6 measurement tools were used: the visual analogue scale (VAS); the McGill Sensory Score; the McGill Affective Score; the Prolo Economic Score; the Prolo Functional Score; and the Modified Ransford Pain Drawing Score. Methods Preoperatively and at each post-op visit the patients completed the entire battery of outcome tools. Comorbidities were identified preoperatively as risk factors. Patient assessment of outcome was determined in two ways: a 50% or greater reduction in VAS; or using a 4 step scale combining the Prolo scores. Surgeon assessment of outcome was determined subjectively using clinical criteria. Results All 6 measurement tools showed statistically significant improvement postoperatively. The change in pain drawing score has not been previously demonstrated in the literature. Correlation testing showed association between compensation claim, psychiatric factor, and high preoperative pain drawing score on several post-op measurements. Stepwise regression analysis revealed preoperative axial joint pain to be a determinant of outcome in addition to the psychosocial issues. Although the distribution of outcome grades was different between surgeon and patient assessment, relative risk analysis showed that the factors predicting outcome were identical, and the rank order of importance in these risk factors was almost identical. Using patient assessment of outcome there was no probability of a good or excellent outcome in the presence of either psychiatric factor or personal injury claim, and only a 23% chance with a compensation case. Axial joint pain is obviously not treatable by nerve root