A new γ-ray burst classification scheme from GRB 060614

The long and the short of it The tidy classification system that divided γ-ray bursts (GRBs) into long-duration busts (lasting more than two seconds) and short may have had its day. The final nail in its coffin may be GRB 060614. Discovered on 14 June 2006 by the Burst Alert Telescope on-board the Swift satellite, this burst was long, at 102 seconds, but as reported in a clutch of papers in this issue, it has a number of properties, including the absence of an accompanying supernova, that were previously considered diagnostic of a 'short' GRB. The hunt is now on for a classification system to take account of the diversity now apparent in GRBs. In the accompanying News & Views, Bing Zhang suggests that the answer may be to adopt a Type I/Type II classification similar to that used for supernovae. The bright, nearby γ-ray burst (GRB) 060614 does not fit in either of the two duration classes. Its ∼102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, whereas its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short GRB subclass. This opens the door on a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long and short bursts. Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are known to come in two duration classes 1 , separated at ∼2 s. Long-duration bursts originate from star-forming regions in galaxies 2 , have accompanying supernovae when these are near enough to observe and are probably caused by massive-star collapsars 3 . Recent observations 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 show that short-duration bursts originate in regions within their host galaxies that have lower star-formation rates, consistent with binary neutron star or neutron star–black hole mergers 11 , 12 . Moreover, although their hosts are predominantly nearby galaxies, no supernovae have been so far associated with short-duration GRBs. Here we report that the bright, nearby GRB 060614 does not fit into either class. Its ∼102-s duration groups it with long-duration GRBs, while its temporal lag and peak luminosity fall entirely within the short-duration GRB subclass. Moreover, very deep optical observations exclude an accompanying supernova 13 , 14 , 15 , similar to short-duration GRBs. This combination of a long-duration event without an accompanying supernova poses a challenge to both the collapsar and the merging-neutron-star interpretations and opens the door to a new GRB classification scheme that straddles both long- and short-duration bursts.