Comparison of adsorption capacity of young brown coals and humic acids prepared from different coal mines in Anatolia

Binding of Zn 2+ and Cd 2+ cations to relatively young brown coals YBC (lignite), humic acids (HAs) and commercial humic acid (CHA) were studied in aqueous media at pH 2.7–6 by polarographic method. This study was conducted to evaluate the removal of heavy metals in an aquatic system without prior treatment. The general principles of cation binding to YBC and humic materials are discussed. Sorption of heavy metal ions (Zn 2+ and Cd 2+) on samples of YBCs from three areas (Ilgin, Beysehir, and Ermenek) in the vicinity of the city of Konya in Anatolia (Turkey) were compared with sorption of these metal ions on HAs, prepared from these YBCs. The ability of both types of sorbent to remove metals from aqueous solutions was studied as a function of pH and concentration of initial metal solutions. Sorption depends strongly on pH, the origin of the YBC and on the nature of the metal ion. Whereas, for YBCs the main ligand groups seem to be carboxylate ions, this is not the case for the HA polymers, prepared from three YBCs, which differ substantially from properties of commercial samples of “HA”. The process is very efficient especially in the case of low concentrations of pollutants in water, where common methods are either economically unfavorable or technically complicated. Of the two metal ions examined, Cd 2+ was found to form the most stable HA complexes, followed by Zn. Effective removal of metals was demonstrated at pH-values of 5–5.7. The adsorption isotherm was measured at 25 °C, using adsorptive solutions at the optimum pH-value to determine the adsorption capacity. An important aspect of the proposed method was that the removal was performed on several metals at a pH-range in which a given metal undergoes an adsorption process making the method useful for wastewater treatment.