Externalizing behaviour problems of internationally adopted adolescents: a review

International adoption involves more than 40 000 children a year. The objective of this review is to estimate the effects of international adoption on externalizing behaviour problems during adolescence. In this paper we examine the prevalence of externalizing problem behaviours in samples of adolescents who were adopted from a foreign country as infants or young children, compare to non-adopted adolescents. We searched Medline, Inist and psycInfo from 1960 to 2005 using the terms adopt* combined with behaviour problem, behaviour disorder, maladjustment or mental health. The search was limited to English and French-language publications. Studies that were selected involved adoptees in the general population and compared international adoptees with non-adopted controls. Adoptees from 12 to 22 years old were included. We included studies using the Child Behaviour Check List or related measures to measure externalizing problem behaviour. We reviewed 10 studies from 1990 to 2002 and 2 meta-analyses (2003, 2005). Results indicate that 6 studies conclude that internationally adopted adolescents exhibit more externalizing behaviour problems than do non-adopted adolescents, and 4 studies conclude that there is no difference between the two groups. The two meta-analyses concluded that the prevalence of externalizing behaviour problems is increased. The difference, however, is small. International adoptees with preadoption adversity showed more externalizing problems than international adoptees whithout evidence of extreme deprivation. Finally, it should be stressed that adoption itself is not a risk factor in the adjustment of adolescents. Differences between groups of adopted and non-adopted adolescents may reflect the presence of a small number of severely disturbed adolescents, possibly with extremely adverse pre-placement histories.