The Effect of Receptor Clustering on Vesicle−Vesicle Adhesion

As part of our studies into how the localization of cell adhesion molecules into lipid rafts may affect cell adhesion, we developed Cu(1), a synthetic copper(iminodiacetate)-capped receptor able to phase separate from fluid phospholipid bilayers. The extent to which Cu(1) clustered into adhesive patches on the surface of vesicles could be controlled by changing vesicle composition. Extensive receptor phase separation significantly enhanced vesicle−vesicle adhesion; only vesicles with adhesive patches (blue fluorescence) adhered to their conjugate histidine-coated vesicles (red fluorescence) to form large vesicle aggregates (shown).