Synthesis, solution equilibria and antiproliferative activity of copper(II) aminomethyltriazole and aminomethylthioxotriazoline complexes

The aim of the present study was the synthesis, the determination of formation constants, and the evaluation of the antiproliferative activity of two copper(II) complexes formed with triazole-type ligands. The synthesis of the unsymmetrical triazole ligand 4-amino-3-aminomethyl-5-methyl-1,2,4-triazole (L 1), and its copper(II) complex is reported. The ligand was prepared by functionalization of the carboxylate function of tert-butyloxycarbonyl (BOC) protected glycine O-methyl ester. All intermediates and final products were isolated and characterized with IR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. X-ray structures of the ligand as a sulfate salt ((H 2L 1) 2SO 4 · H 2O) and the copper(II) complex [CuCl 2(L 1) 2] are described. The ligand forms a ( N, N) bidentate chelate with the amino group and one triazole nitrogen atom. The tetragonally distorted octahedral coordination of Cu II results from two axially coordinated chloride ions. Protonation constants for L 1 and speciation of the Cu II/L 1 system were determined in 0.1 M aqueous KCl solution at 25 °C. Complexes formed in solution were also characterized by visible spectrophotometry. Ligand substitution competition between L 1 and glycine has also been studied using potentiometric titrations. Antiproliferative activities of ([CuCl 2(L 1) 2]) and [CuCl 2(H 2L 2)]Cl, where HL 2 is the 5-thioxo analog of L 1, against human tumor cell lines HT1080 and HT29 as well as normal human fibroblasts (HF) are presented along with the antiproliferative activities of L 1, CuCl 2, and cisplatin. Activity of these two complexes are discussed and compared with the activity of analogous compounds reported in the literature which contain pyridyl groups in place of the aminomethyl group. In particular, it is suggested that a lypophilic residue such as a pyridyl group is important for antiproliferative activity of this class of compounds.