Alginate–whey protein granular microspheres as oral delivery vehicles for bioactive compounds

Alginate (AL)–whey protein isolate (WPI) microspheres of varied WPI/AL ratio, particle diameter and concentration of polymer bead forming solution ( C AL+WPI) were prepared in order to develop a biocompatible vehicle for oral administration of bioactive compounds. Microscopy revealed a special matrix/granular structure for microspheres with a WPI/AL ratio of 8:2, 100 μm diameter and C AL+WPI of 5% (AL–WPI A2), featuring WPI granules 3–10 μm in diameter homogeneously distributed within an AL spherical matrix. The compound release properties of these microspheres were investigated in simulated gastric and intestinal fluids (SGF and SIF). They demonstrated the desirable property of retarding riboflavin release in SGF and underwent alginate matrix erosion together with liberation of WPI granules in SIF, followed by complete release of the riboflavin. Riboflavin release in SGF and in SIF without pancreatin followed the Higuchi diffusion model while release in SIF in the presence of pancreatin was attributed to WPI granule degradation.