Synthetic curcuminoids modulate the arachidonic acid metabolism of human platelet 12-lipoxygenase and reduce sprout formation of human endothelial cells

Platelet 12-lipoxygenase (P-12-LOX) is overexpressed in different types of cancers, including prostate cancer, and the level of expression is correlated with the grade of this cancer. Arachidonic acid is metabolized by 12-LOX to 12( S )-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [12( S )-HETE], and this biologically active metabolite is involved in prostate cancer progression by modulating cell proliferation in multiple cancer-related pathways inducing angiogenesis and metastasis. Thus, inhibition of P-12-LOX can reduce these two processes. Several lipoxygenase inhibitors are known, including plant and mammalian lipoxygenases, but only a few of them are known inhibitors of P-12-LOX. Curcumin is one of these lipoxygenase inhibitors. Using a homology model of the three-dimensional structure of human P-12-LOX, we did computational docking of synthetic curcuminoids (curcumin derivatives) to identify inhibitors superior to curcumin. Docking of the known inhibitors curcumin and NDGA to P-12-LOX was used to optimize the docking protocol for the system in study. Over 75% of the compounds of interest were successfully docked into the active site of P-12-LOX, many of them sharing similar binding modes. Curcuminoids that did not dock into the active site did not inhibit P-12-LOX. From a set of the curcuminoids that were successfully docked and selected for testing, two were found to inhibit human lipoxygenase better than curcumin. False-positive curcuminoids showed high LogP (theoretical) values, indicating poor water solubility, a possible reason for lack of inhibitory activity or/and nonrealistic binding. Additionally, the curcuminoids inhibiting P-12-LOX were tested for their ability to reduce sprout formation of endothelial cells ( in vitro model of angiogenesis). We found that only curcuminoids inhibiting human P-12-LOX and the known inhibitor NDGA reduced sprout formation. Only limited inhibition of sprout formation at ∼IC 50 concentrations has been seen. At IC 50 , a substantial amount of 12-HETE can be produced by lipoxygenase, providing a stimulus for angiogenic sprouting of endothelial cells. Increasing the concentration of lipoxygenase inhibitors above IC 50 , thus decreasing the concentration of 12( S )-HETE produced, greatly reduced sprout formation for all inhibitors tested. This universal event for all tested lipoxygenase inhibitors suggests that the inhibition of sprout formation was most likely due to the inhibition of human P-12-LOX but not other cancer-related p