Microfluidic Chip toward Cellular ATP and ATP-Conjugated Metabolic Analysis with Bioluminescence Detection

In this article, a microfluidic platform integrating capillary electrophoresis and bioluminescence (BL) detection that was fabricated in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) with lab-on-a-chip technology was demonstrated for cellular metabolic analyses. A microchannels network, “cross combining with Y”, was designed to perform on-chip sample preparation, separation, and BL detection of ATP and ATP-conjugated metabolites, using firefly luciferin−luciferase BL system. A dynamic modification of the channel wall of PDMS proved to be crucial to reverse the direction of electroosmotic flow (EOF), which was uniquely achieved by a prewash cycle with a cationic surfactant didodecyldimethylammonium bromide. The influences of surfactant on the EOF and BL reaction were also investigated. Quantitative analyses revealed a dynamic linear range over 2 orders of magnitude for ATP, with a detection limit down to submicromolar (midattomole). The method was validated by measuring cellular ATP of E. coli. with direct on-chip cell lysis. Further work was emphasized on ATP-conjugated metabolite analysis, using galactose as an example. Assays of galactose in human urine samples confirmed the reliability of the protocol, which revealed good prospect of this platform for ATP-conjugated submetabolomic profiling.