Ultra-trace determination of lead in water and food samples by using ionic liquid-based single drop microextraction-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry

An improved single drop microextraction procedure was developed for the preconcentration of lead prior to its determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C 4MIM][PF 6], was used as an alternative to volatile organic solvents for extraction. Lead was complexed with ammonium pyrroldinedithiocarbamate (APDC) and extracted into a 7-μL ionic liquid drop. The extracted complex was directly injected into the graphite furnace. Several variables affecting microextraction efficiency and ETAAS signal, such as pyrolysis and atomization temperature, pH, APDC concentration, extraction time, drop volume and stirring rate were investigated and optimized. In the optimum experimental conditions, the limit of detection (3 s) and the enhancement factor were 0.015 μg L −1 and 76, respectively. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for five replicate determinations of 0.2 μg L −1 Pb was 5.2%. The developed method was validated by the analysis of certified reference materials and applied successfully to the determination of lead in several real samples.