The ultrastructure of fibrinogen-420 and the fibrin-420 clot

Fibrinogen-420 is a minor subclass of human fibrinogen that is so named because of its higher molecular weight compared to fibrinogen-340, the predominant form of circulating fibrinogen. Each of the two Aα chains of fibrinogen-340 is replaced in fibrinogen-420 by an Aα isoform termed α E. Such chains contain a globular C-terminal extension, α EC, that is homologous with the C-terminal regions of Bβ and γ chains in the fibrin D domain. The α EC domain lacks a functional fibrin polymerization pocket like those found in the D domain, but it does contain a binding site for β 2 integrins. Electron microscopy of fibrinogen-340 molecules showed the major core fibrinogen domains, D–E–D, plus globular portions of the C-terminal αC domains. Fibrinogen-420 molecules had two additional globular domains that were attributable to α EC. Turbidity measurements of thrombin-cleaved fibrinogen-420 revealed a reduced rate of fibrin polymerization and a lower maximum turbidity. Thromboelastographic measurements also showed a reduced rate of fibrin-420 polymerization (amplitude development) compared with fibrin-340. Nevertheless, the final amplitude (MA) and the calculated elastic modulus ( G) for fibrin-420 were greater than those for fibrin-340. These results suggested a greater degree of fibrin-420 branching and thinner matrix fibers, and such structures were found in SEM images. In addition, fibrin-420 fibers were irregular and often showed nodular structures protruding from the fiber surface. These nodularities represented α EC domains, and possibly αC domains as well. TEM images of negatively shadowed fibrin-420 networks showed irregular fiber borders, but the fibers possessed the same 22.5-nm periodicity that characterizes all fibrin fibers. From this result, we conclude that fibrin-420 fiber assembly occurs through the same D–E interactions that drive the assembly of all fibrin fibrils, and therefore that the staggered overlapping molecular packing arrangement is the same in both types of fibrin. The α EC domains are arrayed on fiber surfaces, and in this location, they would very likely slow lateral fibril association, causing thinner, more branched fibers to form. However, their location on the fiber surface would facilitate cellular interactions through the integrin receptor binding site.