Physcomitrella patens has lipoxygenases for both eicosanoid and octadecanoid pathways

Two lipoxygenases from Physcomitrella patens use arachidonic acid preferentially as substrate to produce (12 S)-HPETE, while five others preferentially use α-linolenic acid to produce (13 S)-HPOTE. Mosses have substantial amounts of long chain C20 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acid, in addition to the shorter chain C18 α-linolenic and linoleic acids, which are typical substrates of lipoxygenases in flowering plants. To identify the fatty acid substrates used by moss lipoxygenases, eight lipoxygenase genes from Physcomitrella patens were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and then analyzed for lipoxygenase activity using linoleic, α-linolenic and arachidonic acids as substrates. Among the eight moss lipoxygenases, only seven were found to be enzymatically active in vitro, two of which selectively used arachidonic acid as the substrate, while the other five preferred α-linolenic acid. Based on enzyme assays using a Clark-type oxygen electrode, all of the active lipoxygenases had an optimum pH at 7.0, except for one with highest activity at pH 5.0. HPLC analyses indicated that the two arachidonic acid lipoxygenases form (12 S)-hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid as the main product, while the other five lipoxygenases produce mainly (13 S)-hydroperoxy octadecatrienoic acid from α-linolenic acid. These results suggest that mosses may have both C20 and C18 based oxylipin pathways.