Cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in recurrent miscarriage

It has been postulated that a proportion of recurrent miscarriage (RM) might be due to immune causes. The objective was to determine whether cytokine expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cell is altered in patients with a history of RM. We compared the levels of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, TGFβ1 and IFNγ in the supernatant of Phytohemagglutinin stimulated mononuclear cells in 21 women with RM at the time of 3rd or higher abortion (group I), 32 women who were at least 3 months past their 3rd or higher abortion (group II) and 32 pregnant women with no history of abortion (group III). Gestational age was matched between groups I and III. Group I had higher level of IL-2 than group III ( P = 0.001). Group II showed higher level of IL-2 ( P = 0.001) and IFNγ ( P = 0.015) than group III. The production of IL-10 by mononuclear cells of group III was higher than both group I ( P = 0.002) and group II ( P = 0.001). There was no difference in the levels of IL-2, IL-10 and IFNγ between groups I and II. Also, the levels of IL-4, IL-13, and TGFβ1 were similar among the groups. The data indicate an elevation of Th1 cytokines in women with RM as compared to normal pregnant women, and IL-10 is an important cytokine in the maintenance of pregnancy.