Regulation of DNA Binding of p53 by its C-terminal Domain

The tumor suppressor p53 is a tetrameric multi-domain transcription factor. Its C-terminal domain is thought to regulate the binding of its core domain to specific recognition sequences in promoters. The mechanism of regulation by the C-terminal domain and the role of its post-translational modification are controversial. We have examined the binding of DNA in solution to a series of unmodified p53 constructs that lack various domains. The specific DNA sequences bind tightly to the core domain, irrespective of whether or not the C-terminal domain is part of the construct. Unmodified p53 is accordingly an active DNA binding protein. Non-specific DNA sequences do not inhibit directly the binding of the specific sequences to the core but bind to the C terminus and inhibit p53 via that binding mode. Using NMR, we identified the residues of the C terminus that interact with the non-specific DNA. They include residues that are known to be modified post-translationally. Our data provide direct support for the regulatory role of the C terminus in the activity of p53 and show that p53 containing the unmodified C terminus actively binds to short double-stranded DNA.