A phase II study of adoptive immunotherapy using dendritic cells pulsed with tumor lysate in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

This is a phase II clinical trial investigating the safety and efficacy of intravenous vaccination with mature autologous dendritic cells (DCs) pulsed ex vivo with a liver tumor cell line lysate (HepG2) in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is an attractive target for immunotherapy as evidenced by an active recruitment of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes that are capable of lysing autologous tumor cells in ex vivo studies. DCs are the most potent antigen‐presenting cells, with the capacity to take up, process, and present tumor antigens to T cells and stimulate an immune response, thus providing a rational platform for vaccine development. Thirty‐five patients with advanced HCC and not suitable for radical or loco‐regional therapies received a maximum of six DC vaccinations each at 3‐week intervals. In total, 134 DC infusions were administered with no significant toxicity and no evidence of autoimmunity. Twenty‐five patients who received at least three vaccine infusions were assessed clinically for response. The radiologically determined disease control rate (combined partial response and stable disease ≥3 months) was 28%. In 17 patients the baseline serum α‐fetoprotein (AFP) was ≥ 1,000 ng/mL; in four of these patients, it fell to