Mitochondrial Ca2+ flux and respiratory enzyme activity decline are early events in cardiomyocyte response to H2O2

Oxidative stress is involved in mitochondrial apoptosis, and plays a critical role in ischemic heart disease and cardiac failure. Exposure of cardiomyocytes to H(2)O(2) leads to oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we investigated the temporal order of mitochondrial-related events in the neonatal rat cardiomyocyte response to H(2)O(2) treatment. At times ranging from 10 to 90 min after H(2)O(2) treatment, levels were determined for respiratory complexes I, II, IV and V, and citrate synthase activities, mitochondrial Ca(2+) flux, intracellular oxidation, mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptotic progression. Complexes II and IV activity levels were significantly reduced within 20 min of H(2)O(2) exposure while complexes I and V, and citrate synthase were unaffected. Mitochondrial membrane potential declined after 20 and 60 min of H(2)O(2) exposure while intracellular oxidation, declining complex I activity and apoptotic progression were detectable only after 60 min. Measurement of mitochondrial Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)](m)) using rhodamine 2 detected an early accumulation of [Ca(2+)](m) occurring between 5 and 10 min. Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with either ruthenium red or cyclosporin A abrogated the H(2)O(2)-induced decline in complexes II and IV activities, indicating that [Ca(2+)](m) flux and onset of mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening likely precede the observed early enzymatic decline. Our findings suggest that [Ca(2+)](m) flux represents an early pivotal event in H(2)O(2)-induced cardiomyocyte damage, preceding and presumably leading to reduced mitochondrial respiratory activity levels followed by accumulation of intracellular oxidation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and apoptotic progression concomitant with declining complex I activity.