PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY MAKING: THE POLITICAL/CAREER EXECUTIVE ENVIRONMENT

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT POLICYMAKING IS IMPROVED BY THE PARTICIPATION OF CAREER EXECUTIVES. AS A MINIMUM, CONTRIBUTIONS BASED ON THEIR PROFESSIONAL EXPERTISE AND INSTITUTIONAL EXPERIENCE CAN SERVE AS AN EARLY WARNING SYSTEM FOR HELPING POLITICAL EXECUTIVES TO AVOID MISTAKES IN NEW POLICY VENTURES. HOWEVER, A NUMBER OF POLITICAL, STRUCTURAL, AND ATTITUDINAL FACTORS CAUSE THE POLITICAL/CAREER EXECUTIVE RELATIONSHIP ENVIRONMENT TO BE CHARACTERISTICALLY STRESSFUL, TENSE, AND FREQUENTLY NOT CONDUCIVE TO JOINT INVOLVEMENT IN POLICYMAKING. HISTORIC FACTORS PRODUCING THIS ENVIRONMENT INCLUDE BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL AND DEMOCRATIC VALUES REGARDING THE EXERCISE TO UNITARY POWER, THE AMBIGUOUS ROLES OF POLITICAL AND CAREER EXECUTIVES, THE CONTROVERSIAL EXECUTIVE WORKFORCE STRUCTURE, AND THE DIFFERING ORIENTATIONS OF CAREER AND NON-CAREER EXECUTIVES. MORE RECENT OBSTACLES TO DEVELOPING A COOPERATIVE STATE OF POLITICAL/CAREER RELATIONS CONSIST OF THE RISE OF THE ADMINISTRATIVE PRESIDENCY ACCOMPANIED BY BUREAUCRAT-BASHING, AN INCREASED POLITICIZATION OF MANAGEMENT, AND THE TREND TOWARD IDEOLOGICAL ADMINISTRATION. WHAT HAS BEEN TERMED THE "QUIET CRISIS" IN PUBLIC SERVICE HAS LED TO CALLS FOR CHANGE IN PRESIDENTIAL RHETORIC, DEVELOPMENT OF ORIENTATION AND COMMUNICATION OPPORTUNITIES IN THE POLITICAL/CAREER RELATIONSHIP, AND PROPOSALS OF STRUCTURAL ALTERNATIVES TO THE PRESENT EXECUTIVE WORKFORCE SYSTEM ESTABLISHED IN 1978. THE BUSH ADMINISTRATION HAS IMPLEMENTED SEVERAL MEASURES LEADING TO A RENEPY: 1993