The Different French Models of Scientific Development

A series of four models of scientific development in France that have succeeded each other since the founding of the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1666 are identified: the academic model (1666-1793); the model of the patronage system (1793-1830); the dualistic model of the university faculties of science & the Grandes Ecoles ([specialized technical institutes of higher education] 1830-1930); & the model of a national service of research & major programs (1930-present). The corresponding roles that these successive models have imposed on the individual scientist are discussed, as are the three major historical cycles that are identified at the level of scientific knowledge itself. Seven characteristics of the development of scientific research that are considered specific to France are also enumerated. In conclusion, the position of French science in the international context is reviewed: it is found that the history of French science has followed a law of peripheral development. 6 Tables, 1 Figure, 36 References. AA Tr & Modified by C. Waters