Favorable Conditions and Electoral Revolutions

The tools used have also been the same: 1 formation of a unified opposition; 2 efforts to increase voter registration and turnout and to improve the quality of voter lists; 3 efforts to focus campaign debate on the costs of the incumbent regime and the benefits of participation to opposition members and citizens at large; 4 utilization of international and domestic election monitoring as well as the media and public-opinion polls, where possible; and 5 preparations for public protests if incumbents or their anointed successors try to steal the election.