Social Feedback and Self-Appraisals: Current Status of the Mead-Cooley Hypothesis

Mead and Cooley propose that feedback from significant others provides the basis for individuals' self-appraisals. I review research regarding (a) associations between others' judgments and individuals' self-appraisals; (b) when others express or withhold feedback; and (c) when individuals accept or reject feedback. Research shows that others' judgments and self-appraisals are moderately associated, though self-ratings correspond more to perceived than to actual views by others and influences are multidirectional. Others' expressions of feedback vary across situations, depending in part on closeness of relationships and the sender's emotions. Peoples' tendencies to accept or reject feedback also vary by closeness, emotional reactions, and feedback valence. I conclude by evaluating the current status of the Mead-Cooley perspective.