The Crisis of Islamic Civilization

[...] Allawi argues, Islamic communities either attempted to embrace (and then later attempted to duplicate) modernity and the modern nation-state (and with that some Judaeo-Christian heritage, culture and legal principles) or offer a counterrevolt in the form of traditionalism that persuaded Muslims to reject secular modernity and enfold "Islamic norms and constructs" in public and private life (p. 66). [...] Allawi claims, "Islam does not have a church with a fossilized hierarchy at whose apex rests a supreme religious authority" (p. 113).