Canons, cost, and competition in STATE SUPREME COURT ELECTIONS

[...] in 2003 Judge Max Baer openly campaigned as a pro-choice Democrat and won a seat on the Pennsylvania Supreme Court.2 In the 2004 election, a candidate in Ohio stated his positions on issues that were actively before the court for which he was campaigning, while a candidate for the Montana Supreme Court declared her positions on a variety of issues and attacked her opponents who refused to do so as cowards.3 Goldberg et al. further note that interest groups have taken to distributing questionnaires to judicial candidates; in Georgia, the Christian Coalition distributed a flyer based on results of such a questionnaire and indicated no response for incumbent Justice Leah Sparks, who refused to participate, and attacked her for concurring in a decision striking down Georgia's sodomy law. White and its aftermath The first model code of judicial ediics was passed by die American Bar Association in 1924, in part in response to Judge Kennesaw Martin Landis's acceptance of a salary for acting as commissioner of baseball that was nearly six times as large as the salary he earned for being a federal judge.5 Led by Chief Justice William Howard Taft, who chaired the committee, the ABA constructed a code that included prohibitions on judicial candidates announc[ing] in advance [their] conclusions of law on disputed issues of fact to secure class support.