Linguistic Evolution, with Special Reference to English

M. L. Samuels' eclectic theory of linguistic evolution is analogous to biological (genetic) evolution. The theory's main source is Andre Martinet's work (Economie des changements phonetiques (The Economy of Phonetic Changes), 1955). In the 1st 2 chapters, extra- & intrasystemic factors are distinguished, & variations of 'mechanical' origin are said to sufficiently explain changes such as assimilation & dissimilation. The acceptance & spread of variations are discussed in the rest of the book. Samuels has no interest in syntax -- he argues (circularly) that grammar innovations are lexical extensions, & concludes that phonetic changes occur imperceptibly. The 6th chapter, 'Diversity and Contact,' contains some of his most original work. Contact, he says, may hasten or retard change, but does not conflict with intrasystemic linguistic development. In constructing a unified theory of change, he ties together the partial approaches of traditional mechanics, & functionalism & structuralism. His 2 levels of spoken chain & system are linked by the selection process. The statement that conflicts within the discipline of historical linguistics can now be resolved is not satisfactorily supported. However, Samuel's current ambitious work on a historical thesaurus based on the Oxford English Dictionary is certainly worth doing. D. Burkenroad