The nature of heterodox economics

Heterodoxy serves as an umbrella term to cover the coming together of separate projects or traditions. In answering the question, ‘what distinguishes heterodoxy from the orthodoxy?’, the author argues that matters of ontology are central. In answering the question, ‘how are the various traditions that make up the modern heterodoxy to be distinguished from each other?’, the author defends criteria other than varying commitments to specific substantive theories, policy measures or techniques (or basic units) of analysis.