Gravity current interaction with interfaces

Gravity currents that impact interfaces have a number of features that differ from gravity currents in homogeneous or continuously stratified ambient fluid. The interface can cause sharp changes in the flow and split the current into an undercurrent in the dense layer and a filling intrusion in the upper layer. If the current penetrates the lower layer it can initiate large amplitude waves with a length scale several times larger than the scale of the head of the current. If the current carries particulate matter the change in flow at the interface changes the deposition of particles. Because approximate two-layer systems exist in nature, especially in basins ranging up to the size of the Arctic, and may affect global climate, further experiments are needed to clarify the entrainment and mixing of the ambient fluid with the current. Comprehensive, and accurate, numerical simulations of these flows should now be possible.