Dye-sensitized solar cells with natural dyes extracted from achiote seeds

We have explored the application of natural dyes extracted from the seeds of the achiote shrub ( Bixa orellana L.) in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The main pigments are bixin and norbixin, which were obtained by separation and purification from the dark-red extract (annatto). The dyes were characterized using 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectrophotometry. Solar cells were prepared using TiO 2 and ZnO nanostructured, mesoporous films and the annatto, bixin, and norbixin as sensitizers. The best results were obtained with bixin-sensitized TiO 2 solar cells with efficiencies of up to 0.53%, illustrating the importance of purification of dyes from natural extracts.