Chemical and toxicological characterization of an unresolved complex mixture-rich biodegraded crude oil
Chemical and toxicological characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in the water-soluble fraction of an artificially weathered Norwegian Sea crude oil was determined by a combination of chemical analysis and toxicity testing in fish in vitro bioassays. The water-soluble fraction of the crude...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental toxicology and chemistry 2009-09, Vol.28 (9), p.1815-1824 |
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| creator | Melbye, Alf G Brakstad, Odd G Hokstad, Jorunn N Gregersen, Inger K Hansen, Bjørn H Booth, Andy M Rowland, Steven J Tollefsen, Knut E |
| description | Chemical and toxicological characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in the water-soluble fraction of an artificially weathered Norwegian Sea crude oil was determined by a combination of chemical analysis and toxicity testing in fish in vitro bioassays. The water-soluble fraction of the crude oil was separated into 14 increasingly polar fractions by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. The in vitro toxicity (7-ethoxyresorufin |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1897/08-545.1 |
| format | Article |
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The water-soluble fraction of the crude oil was separated into 14 increasingly polar fractions by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. The in vitro toxicity (7-ethoxyresorufin <O-deethylase activity, estrogenicity, and metabolic inhibition) of these fractions was characterized in a primary culture of liver cells (hepatocytes) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The main contributor to toxicity was one of the most polar fractions, accounting gravimetrically for more than 70% of the organic material in the water-soluble fraction and dominated by an unresolved complex mixture. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight - mass spectrometry identified a large number of cyclic and aromatic sulfoxide compounds and low amounts of benzothiophenes (<0.1% of total mass) in this fraction. Commonly monitored toxic components of crude oil (e.g., naphthalenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkylated phenols) eluted in less polar fractions, characterized by somewhat lower toxicity. Normalization of in vitro responses to the mass in each fraction demonstrated a more even distribution of toxicity, indicating that toxicity in the individual fractions was related to the amount of material present. Although polar and nonpolar compounds contribute additively to crude oil toxicity, the water-soluble fraction was dominated by polar compounds because of their high aqueous solubility and the high oil - water loading. Under these conditions, the polar unresolved complex mixture - rich fraction might account for a large portion of crude oil toxicity because of its high abundance in the water-soluble fraction.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0730-7268</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1552-8618</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1897/08-545.1</identifier><identifier>PMID: 19413365</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Hoboken: Wiley Periodicals, Inc</publisher><subject>Animals ; Bioassay Toxicity ; Bioassays ; biodegradability ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Chemical analysis ; Chromatography, Gas ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Crude oil ; cytotoxicity ; ecotoxicology ; Environmental monitoring ; fish ; Gas chromatography ; gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ; Health hazards ; hepatocytes ; Hepatocytes - drug effects ; high performance liquid chromatography ; Humans ; in vitro studies ; Life sciences ; Liquid chromatography ; liver ; Mass spectrometry ; Mollusks ; naphthalene ; Norwegian Sea ; Oil spills ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; petroleum ; Petroleum - analysis ; Petroleum - toxicity ; Petroleum hydrocarbons ; Phenols ; Polar compounds ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Reservoirs ; Salmon ; structure-activity relationships ; Studies ; sulfoxides ; Sulfur content ; Toxicity ; Toxicity testing ; Unresolved complex mixture ; Water pollution ; water solubility</subject><ispartof>Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2009-09, Vol.28 (9), p.1815-1824</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 2009 SETAC</rights><rights>Copyright Allen Press Publishing Services Sep 2009</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5104-60052d472d52a79f7597215ebfc5e8f8ad3068635274e4e2e5fac90e7f9701743</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c5104-60052d472d52a79f7597215ebfc5e8f8ad3068635274e4e2e5fac90e7f9701743</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1897%2F08-545.1$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1897%2F08-545.1$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,27903,27904,45553,45554</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19413365$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Melbye, Alf G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brakstad, Odd G</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hokstad, Jorunn N</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gregersen, Inger K</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Hansen, Bjørn H</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Booth, Andy M</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Rowland, Steven J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Tollefsen, Knut E</creatorcontrib><title>Chemical and toxicological characterization of an unresolved complex mixture-rich biodegraded crude oil</title><title>Environmental toxicology and chemistry</title><addtitle>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</addtitle><description>Chemical and toxicological characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in the water-soluble fraction of an artificially weathered Norwegian Sea crude oil was determined by a combination of chemical analysis and toxicity testing in fish in vitro bioassays. The water-soluble fraction of the crude oil was separated into 14 increasingly polar fractions by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. The in vitro toxicity (7-ethoxyresorufin <O-deethylase activity, estrogenicity, and metabolic inhibition) of these fractions was characterized in a primary culture of liver cells (hepatocytes) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The main contributor to toxicity was one of the most polar fractions, accounting gravimetrically for more than 70% of the organic material in the water-soluble fraction and dominated by an unresolved complex mixture. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight - mass spectrometry identified a large number of cyclic and aromatic sulfoxide compounds and low amounts of benzothiophenes (<0.1% of total mass) in this fraction. Commonly monitored toxic components of crude oil (e.g., naphthalenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkylated phenols) eluted in less polar fractions, characterized by somewhat lower toxicity. Normalization of in vitro responses to the mass in each fraction demonstrated a more even distribution of toxicity, indicating that toxicity in the individual fractions was related to the amount of material present. Although polar and nonpolar compounds contribute additively to crude oil toxicity, the water-soluble fraction was dominated by polar compounds because of their high aqueous solubility and the high oil - water loading. Under these conditions, the polar unresolved complex mixture - rich fraction might account for a large portion of crude oil toxicity because of its high abundance in the water-soluble fraction.</description><subject>Animals</subject><subject>Bioassay Toxicity</subject><subject>Bioassays</subject><subject>biodegradability</subject><subject>Biodegradation, Environmental</subject><subject>Chemical analysis</subject><subject>Chromatography, Gas</subject><subject>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</subject><subject>Crude oil</subject><subject>cytotoxicity</subject><subject>ecotoxicology</subject><subject>Environmental monitoring</subject><subject>fish</subject><subject>Gas chromatography</subject><subject>gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Health hazards</subject><subject>hepatocytes</subject><subject>Hepatocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>high performance liquid chromatography</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>in vitro studies</subject><subject>Life sciences</subject><subject>Liquid chromatography</subject><subject>liver</subject><subject>Mass spectrometry</subject><subject>Mollusks</subject><subject>naphthalene</subject><subject>Norwegian Sea</subject><subject>Oil spills</subject><subject>Oncorhynchus mykiss</subject><subject>petroleum</subject><subject>Petroleum - analysis</subject><subject>Petroleum - toxicity</subject><subject>Petroleum hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Phenols</subject><subject>Polar compounds</subject><subject>Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons</subject><subject>Reservoirs</subject><subject>Salmon</subject><subject>structure-activity relationships</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>sulfoxides</subject><subject>Sulfur content</subject><subject>Toxicity</subject><subject>Toxicity testing</subject><subject>Unresolved complex mixture</subject><subject>Water pollution</subject><subject>water 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and toxicological characterization of an unresolved complex mixture-rich biodegraded crude oil</title><author>Melbye, Alf G ; Brakstad, Odd G ; Hokstad, Jorunn N ; Gregersen, Inger K ; Hansen, Bjørn H ; Booth, Andy M ; Rowland, Steven J ; Tollefsen, Knut E</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c5104-60052d472d52a79f7597215ebfc5e8f8ad3068635274e4e2e5fac90e7f9701743</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2009</creationdate><topic>Animals</topic><topic>Bioassay Toxicity</topic><topic>Bioassays</topic><topic>biodegradability</topic><topic>Biodegradation, Environmental</topic><topic>Chemical analysis</topic><topic>Chromatography, Gas</topic><topic>Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid</topic><topic>Crude oil</topic><topic>cytotoxicity</topic><topic>ecotoxicology</topic><topic>Environmental monitoring</topic><topic>fish</topic><topic>Gas chromatography</topic><topic>gas 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G</au><au>Brakstad, Odd G</au><au>Hokstad, Jorunn N</au><au>Gregersen, Inger K</au><au>Hansen, Bjørn H</au><au>Booth, Andy M</au><au>Rowland, Steven J</au><au>Tollefsen, Knut E</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Chemical and toxicological characterization of an unresolved complex mixture-rich biodegraded crude oil</atitle><jtitle>Environmental toxicology and chemistry</jtitle><addtitle>Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry</addtitle><date>2009-09</date><risdate>2009</risdate><volume>28</volume><issue>9</issue><spage>1815</spage><epage>1824</epage><pages>1815-1824</pages><issn>0730-7268</issn><eissn>1552-8618</eissn><abstract>Chemical and toxicological characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in the water-soluble fraction of an artificially weathered Norwegian Sea crude oil was determined by a combination of chemical analysis and toxicity testing in fish in vitro bioassays. The water-soluble fraction of the crude oil was separated into 14 increasingly polar fractions by preparative high-pressure liquid chromatography. The in vitro toxicity (7-ethoxyresorufin <O-deethylase activity, estrogenicity, and metabolic inhibition) of these fractions was characterized in a primary culture of liver cells (hepatocytes) from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The main contributor to toxicity was one of the most polar fractions, accounting gravimetrically for more than 70% of the organic material in the water-soluble fraction and dominated by an unresolved complex mixture. Chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography - time of flight - mass spectrometry identified a large number of cyclic and aromatic sulfoxide compounds and low amounts of benzothiophenes (<0.1% of total mass) in this fraction. Commonly monitored toxic components of crude oil (e.g., naphthalenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkylated phenols) eluted in less polar fractions, characterized by somewhat lower toxicity. Normalization of in vitro responses to the mass in each fraction demonstrated a more even distribution of toxicity, indicating that toxicity in the individual fractions was related to the amount of material present. Although polar and nonpolar compounds contribute additively to crude oil toxicity, the water-soluble fraction was dominated by polar compounds because of their high aqueous solubility and the high oil - water loading. Under these conditions, the polar unresolved complex mixture - rich fraction might account for a large portion of crude oil toxicity because of its high abundance in the water-soluble fraction.</abstract><cop>Hoboken</cop><pub>Wiley Periodicals, Inc</pub><pmid>19413365</pmid><doi>10.1897/08-545.1</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| ispartof | Environmental toxicology and chemistry, 2009-09, Vol.28 (9), p.1815-1824 |
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| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Animals Bioassay Toxicity Bioassays biodegradability Biodegradation, Environmental Chemical analysis Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Crude oil cytotoxicity ecotoxicology Environmental monitoring fish Gas chromatography gas chromatography-mass spectrometry Health hazards hepatocytes Hepatocytes - drug effects high performance liquid chromatography Humans in vitro studies Life sciences Liquid chromatography liver Mass spectrometry Mollusks naphthalene Norwegian Sea Oil spills Oncorhynchus mykiss petroleum Petroleum - analysis Petroleum - toxicity Petroleum hydrocarbons Phenols Polar compounds Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons Reservoirs Salmon structure-activity relationships Studies sulfoxides Sulfur content Toxicity Toxicity testing Unresolved complex mixture Water pollution water solubility |
| title | Chemical and toxicological characterization of an unresolved complex mixture-rich biodegraded crude oil |
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