CT Visualization of Cryoablation in Pulmonary Veins

Over 2 million adults in the United States are affected by atrial fibrillation (AF), a common cardiac arrhythmia that is associated with decreased survival, increased cardiovascular morbidities, and a decrease in quality of life. AF can be initiated by ectopic beats originating in the myocardial sleeves surrounding the pulmonary viens. Pulmonary vein (PV) isolation via radio frequency ablation is the current gold standard for treating patients with drug-refractory AF. However, cryoablation is emerging as a new minimally-invasive technique to achieve PV isolation. Cryoablation is fast gaining acceptance due to its minimal tissue disruption, decreased thrombogenicity, and reduced complications (RF can lead to low rate of stenosis). One important question in regard to this technology is whether the PV lesion is transmural and circumferential and to what extent adjacent tissues are involved in the freezing process. As ice formation lends itself to image contrast in the body, we hypothesized that intraprocedural CT visualization of the iceball formation would allow us to predict the extent of the cryolesion and provide us with a measure of the adjacent tissue damage. Cryoablation was performed using a prototype balloon catheter cryoablation system (Boston Scientific Corporation). CT visualization of iceball formation was assessed both in vitro and in vivo. Initial in vitro studies were performed in agarose gel phantoms immersed in a 37°C water bath. Subsequently, in vivo cryoablations were performed in 5 PV ostia in 3 crossbred farm swine. The catheters were positioned in the ostia under fluoroscopic guidance. CT scans of the thoracic region were obtained every 2.5 minutes. Animals were sacrified 6 days after the procedures. Gross pathology and histology of tissues in the region of interest were evaluated. Significant metal artifacts from the catheter and edge artifacts from the tissues surrounding the cryoballoon were observed under CT imaging both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, it was found that the size of the iceball was comparable to that observed visually during freezing of agarose gel phantoms. In vivo, contrast change consistent with iceball formation was observed during the ablation in two out of five veins. The most clearly delineated iceball also yielded the clearest morbidity. In this case, esophageal injury on the anterior side proximal to the cryoablation site was noticed during necropsy of the animal in which the iceball was visualized. Transmur