Lanthanum implantation for threshold voltage control in metal/high-@@ik@ devices

In this paper the tuning of the @@in@-metal effective work function by implantation of lanthanum is demonstrated. The effect of implantation and thermal annealing on the device flat-band voltage is presented. It is shown that lanthanum doping of the gate stack produces a negative shift of the flat-band voltage of - 0.53 V for a lanthanum does of 5 x 10@@u14@ cm@@u-2@, after the device undergoes S/D anneal conditions. The results are discussed within the framework of a phenomenological dipole model and compared with other results