Minimum Energy Tracking Loop With Embedded DC-DC Converter Enabling Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation Down to 250 mV in 65 nm CMOS
Minimizing the energy consumption of battery-powered systems is a key focus in integrated circuit design. This paper presents an energy minimization loop, with on-chip energy sensor circuitry, that can dynamically track the minimum energy operating voltage of arbitrary digital circuits with changing...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | IEEE journal of solid-state circuits 2008-01, Vol.43 (1), p.256-265 |
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| creator | Ramadass, Y.K. Chandrakasan, A.P. |
| description | Minimizing the energy consumption of battery-powered systems is a key focus in integrated circuit design. This paper presents an energy minimization loop, with on-chip energy sensor circuitry, that can dynamically track the minimum energy operating voltage of arbitrary digital circuits with changing workload and operating conditions. An embedded DC-DC converter which enables this minimum energy operation is designed to deliver load voltages between 0.25 V to 0.7 V. The minimum energy tracking loop along with the DC-DC converter and test circuitry were fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The area overhead of the control loop is only 0.05 mm 2 . Measured energy savings of the order of 50%-100% are obtained on tracking the minimum energy point (MEP) as it varies with workload and temperature. The DC-DC converter delivers load voltages as low as 250 mV and achieved an efficiency >80% while delivering load powers of the order of 1 muW and higher from a 1.2 V supply. |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1109/JSSC.2007.914720 |
| format | Article |
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This paper presents an energy minimization loop, with on-chip energy sensor circuitry, that can dynamically track the minimum energy operating voltage of arbitrary digital circuits with changing workload and operating conditions. An embedded DC-DC converter which enables this minimum energy operation is designed to deliver load voltages between 0.25 V to 0.7 V. The minimum energy tracking loop along with the DC-DC converter and test circuitry were fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The area overhead of the control loop is only 0.05 mm 2 . Measured energy savings of the order of 50%-100% are obtained on tracking the minimum energy point (MEP) as it varies with workload and temperature. The DC-DC converter delivers load voltages as low as 250 mV and achieved an efficiency >80% while delivering load powers of the order of 1 muW and higher from a 1.2 V supply.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0018-9200</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1558-173X</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1109/JSSC.2007.914720</identifier><identifier>CODEN: IJSCBC</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York, NY: IEEE</publisher><subject>Applied sciences ; Circuit properties ; Circuit testing ; CMOS process ; DC-DC conversion ; DC-DC power converters ; Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing ; Digital circuits ; Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits ; Electronic circuits ; Electronics ; Energy consumption ; Energy measurement ; energy sensor circuitry ; Exact sciences and technology ; General equipment and techniques ; Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy ; Integrated circuit synthesis ; Integrated circuits ; Minimization ; minimum energy point ; minimum energy tracking loop ; Physics ; Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices ; Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing ; Signal convertors ; Studies ; subthreshold logic ; Tracking loops ; ultra-low-voltage operation ; Voltage</subject><ispartof>IEEE journal of solid-state circuits, 2008-01, Vol.43 (1), p.256-265</ispartof><rights>2008 INIST-CNRS</rights><rights>Copyright The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. 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This paper presents an energy minimization loop, with on-chip energy sensor circuitry, that can dynamically track the minimum energy operating voltage of arbitrary digital circuits with changing workload and operating conditions. An embedded DC-DC converter which enables this minimum energy operation is designed to deliver load voltages between 0.25 V to 0.7 V. The minimum energy tracking loop along with the DC-DC converter and test circuitry were fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The area overhead of the control loop is only 0.05 mm 2 . Measured energy savings of the order of 50%-100% are obtained on tracking the minimum energy point (MEP) as it varies with workload and temperature. The DC-DC converter delivers load voltages as low as 250 mV and achieved an efficiency >80% while delivering load powers of the order of 1 muW and higher from a 1.2 V supply.</description><subject>Applied sciences</subject><subject>Circuit properties</subject><subject>Circuit testing</subject><subject>CMOS process</subject><subject>DC-DC conversion</subject><subject>DC-DC power converters</subject><subject>Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing</subject><subject>Digital circuits</subject><subject>Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits</subject><subject>Electronic circuits</subject><subject>Electronics</subject><subject>Energy consumption</subject><subject>Energy measurement</subject><subject>energy sensor circuitry</subject><subject>Exact sciences and technology</subject><subject>General equipment and techniques</subject><subject>Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy</subject><subject>Integrated circuit synthesis</subject><subject>Integrated circuits</subject><subject>Minimization</subject><subject>minimum energy point</subject><subject>minimum energy tracking loop</subject><subject>Physics</subject><subject>Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices</subject><subject>Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing</subject><subject>Signal convertors</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>subthreshold logic</subject><subject>Tracking loops</subject><subject>ultra-low-voltage operation</subject><subject>Voltage</subject><issn>0018-9200</issn><issn>1558-173X</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2008</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>RIE</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kU1v00AQhi0EEqFwR-KyQoKeHGa_7PUROaGAUuWQtnBbre1x2GLvhl2HqhI_nrVS9cCB02g0zztfb5a9prCkFKoPX3e7eskAymVFRcngSbagUqqclvz702wBQFVepfrz7EWMtykVQtFF9ufSOjseR7J2GPb35CqY9qd1e7Lx_kC-2ekHWY8Ndh12ZFXnq5rU3v3GMGFIEtMMM3s9TMHkG3-X3_hhMnsk2wMGM1nvyMrfOTJ5wiSQ8YZYRwpJ3Ejqy-3uZfasN0PEVw_xLLv-tL6qP-eb7cWX-uMmb7niU95BI9sCWSN6aSSWZVEVKJgwfdfwqpIMm7JVTYGN6NIDFO-h7Sl0TIBAbjg_y85PfQ_B_zpinPRoY4vDYBz6Y9QV8IIpEDP5_r8kF0IUFcgEvv0HvPXH4NIVuqKMiVIpliA4QW3wMQbs9SHY0YR7TUHPrunZNT27pk-uJcm7h74mtmbog3GtjY86Boyxks3z35w4i4iP5bQdZ1Dyv8yJnVc</recordid><startdate>200801</startdate><enddate>200801</enddate><creator>Ramadass, Y.K.</creator><creator>Chandrakasan, A.P.</creator><general>IEEE</general><general>Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</general><general>The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)</general><scope>97E</scope><scope>RIA</scope><scope>RIE</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7SP</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>L7M</scope><scope>F28</scope><scope>FR3</scope></search><sort><creationdate>200801</creationdate><title>Minimum Energy Tracking Loop With Embedded DC-DC Converter Enabling Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation Down to 250 mV in 65 nm CMOS</title><author>Ramadass, Y.K. ; Chandrakasan, A.P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0b5c6e2b4f5a5e77696e424afdb39952eb7c8b6eb4d00783f0cf10d2404e3a33</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2008</creationdate><topic>Applied sciences</topic><topic>Circuit properties</topic><topic>Circuit testing</topic><topic>CMOS process</topic><topic>DC-DC conversion</topic><topic>DC-DC power converters</topic><topic>Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing</topic><topic>Digital circuits</topic><topic>Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits</topic><topic>Electronic circuits</topic><topic>Electronics</topic><topic>Energy consumption</topic><topic>Energy measurement</topic><topic>energy sensor circuitry</topic><topic>Exact sciences and technology</topic><topic>General equipment and techniques</topic><topic>Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy</topic><topic>Integrated circuit synthesis</topic><topic>Integrated circuits</topic><topic>Minimization</topic><topic>minimum energy point</topic><topic>minimum energy tracking loop</topic><topic>Physics</topic><topic>Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. 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This paper presents an energy minimization loop, with on-chip energy sensor circuitry, that can dynamically track the minimum energy operating voltage of arbitrary digital circuits with changing workload and operating conditions. An embedded DC-DC converter which enables this minimum energy operation is designed to deliver load voltages between 0.25 V to 0.7 V. The minimum energy tracking loop along with the DC-DC converter and test circuitry were fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The area overhead of the control loop is only 0.05 mm 2 . Measured energy savings of the order of 50%-100% are obtained on tracking the minimum energy point (MEP) as it varies with workload and temperature. The DC-DC converter delivers load voltages as low as 250 mV and achieved an efficiency >80% while delivering load powers of the order of 1 muW and higher from a 1.2 V supply.</abstract><cop>New York, NY</cop><pub>IEEE</pub><doi>10.1109/JSSC.2007.914720</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record> |
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| source | IEEE Electronic Library (IEL) |
| subjects | Applied sciences Circuit properties Circuit testing CMOS process DC-DC conversion DC-DC power converters Design. Technologies. Operation analysis. Testing Digital circuits Electric, optical and optoelectronic circuits Electronic circuits Electronics Energy consumption Energy measurement energy sensor circuitry Exact sciences and technology General equipment and techniques Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy Integrated circuit synthesis Integrated circuits Minimization minimum energy point minimum energy tracking loop Physics Semiconductor electronics. Microelectronics. Optoelectronics. Solid state devices Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.) remote sensing Signal convertors Studies subthreshold logic Tracking loops ultra-low-voltage operation Voltage |
| title | Minimum Energy Tracking Loop With Embedded DC-DC Converter Enabling Ultra-Low-Voltage Operation Down to 250 mV in 65 nm CMOS |
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