Tribological properties of ionic liquids as lubricants and additives. Part 1: Synergistic tribofilm formation between ionic liquids and tricresyl phosphate

The use of imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, IMM+BF4−, and hexafluorophosphate, IMM+PF6−, ionic liquids as lubricants was investigated at 25 and 100 °C to show lower friction coefficients but higher wear rates than a reference hydrocarbon lubricant. The ionic liquids readily form tribofilms at the lower temperature but have difficulty in forming partial films at the higher temperature. Wear tracks for a Plint TE77 reciprocating ball-on-plate test using ionic liquids show smoother surfaces, with small pits developing, compared to the reference hydrocarbon lubricant test result. Similar ionic liquids not containing fluorine were found to be less effective as lubricants. Addition of ionic liquids to a base grease and a formulated high temperature grease gave surprisingly large increases in the weld load for the Four Ball extreme pressure test. Little difference between base grease and base grease+5 per cent ionic liquid was observed for the TE77 test. There was no clear indication of the effect of alkyl substituent chain length on the imidazolium cation for the Four Ball test wear scar diameter. Addition of 1 per cent tricresyl phosphate (TCP) to ionic liquids rapidly establishes a tribofilm and reduces the wear volume by 64 per cent compared to the same test for the neat ionic liquid or neat TCP. Addition of 1 per cent TCP and 1 per cent ionic liquid to a Group III base oil also establishes a substantial tribofilm and reduces wear volumes compared to the base oil with 1 per cent TCP alone or the base oil with 1 per cent ionic liquid alone. Ionic liquids show promise as neat liquid lubricants by establishing a tribolayer chemically adsorbed to the steel surfaces. They are not as effective as a reference hydrocarbon lubricant in reducing wear of those surfaces by tribocorrosion. The fluorine-free ionic liquids investigated were not as effective as those containing fluorine. The addition of ionic liquids to grease, base or fully formulated, gave a substantial improvement in performance, which indicates a synergistic interaction with the additives present in the formulated grease. There is also clear evidence of a strong synergistic effect between ionic liquids and TCP, both for the neat ionic liquids and for 1 per cent dilution of each respectively in a Group III base oil to give a thick tribofilm and substantially reduced wear in the TE77 ball-on-plate test. The nature of the synergy between ionic liquids and TCP requires further investigation.