Psychological and environmental empowerment: antecedents and consequences

Purpose - The aims of this paper are to clarify empowerment as a construct, assess whether environmental and psychological empowerment differentially predicts job outcomes, and investigate the effects of transformation and transactional leadership on empowerment.Design methodology approach - University students (n=197) rated leadership and empowerment in their workplaces and a number of job outcomes using an on-line questionnaire.Findings - Results supported the proposition that empowerment should be separated into its behavioral and psychological components. The dimensions of empowerment also differentially predicted job outcomes. In particular, environmental empowerment was better at predicting outcomes than was psychological empowerment. It was also found that transformational and transactional leadership predicted environmental empowerment more strongly than psychological empowerment.Research limitations implications - Limitations include that the study was cross-sectional, used a student sample, and a single common method for collecting the data. The primary implication for research is that empowerment should be separated into two constructs, environmental and psychological.Practical implications - Practical implications include that environmental empowerment has more predictive power than does psychological empowerment on workplace outcomes and that leadership has a stronger impact on environmental than psychological empowerment.Originality value - This study is the first to call into question the way empowerment has been measured in prior studies and provides useful directions with which to pursue future research in this area.