Association Between Persistent Maternal Depression among Japanese New Mothers and their Toddlers' Behaviors

To determine the association between mothers' persistent maternal depression and their toddlers' behavior. Online surveys were conducted twice with mothers who gave birth to their first child between March and June 2020. The survey periods were November 2020 and May-June 2022. Measures included baseline characteristics and family environment factors, maternal postpartum depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale [EPDS]), maternal lifestyle and mother-reported toddler behaviors, and Internet/media use. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ² test, trend test, and logistic regression. Of the 339 participants, 82 (24.1%) were in the "persistent maternal depression" group with high EPDS scores (≥ 9 points) at both time points, and 178 (52.5%) were in the "no maternal depression" group with low EPDS scores (