Food consumption patterns and Framingham cardiovascular risk score among shift workers: A Nova-based approach

To evaluate the association between dietary quantity and variety, by extent and purpose of processing, and Framingham cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score among rotating shift workers. The cross-sectional study included male shift workers. Dietary intake was assessed using a 24-h recall method conducted by trained interviewers. Food items were classified using two approaches: the first was based on the amount of food consumed in each food group. Fruits, vegetables, and legumes (FVL) intake, is classified as recommended at 400 g per day by WHO guidelines. Ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) were analyzed based on tertiles of daily caloric contribution. The second approach, the Nova dietary diversity score (DDS-Nova) assessed the variety of consumed items within each food group, assigning points for each unique item consumed, irrespective of quantity or frequency. The CVD-risk score was evaluated using the Framingham coronary heart disease risk score, categorizing participants as low risk (