Stimulus-assisted in situ bioprinting: advancing direct bench-to-bedside delivery

Conventional bench-to-bedside delivery, including fabrication, maturation, and implantation of tissue-engineered tissues, is challenging owing to the delayed delivery time that possibly causes contamination, infection, and deformation of implants.Efforts to shorten the bench-to-bedside delivery process are ongoing, including in situ bioprinting and providing stimulus to the bioink during the deposition of bioink, the cellular activities can be enhanced and offer a pathway to further refine and improve current in situ bioprinting techniques.Research into the most effective types of stimuli and their precise parameters were developed to enhance the functionality of bioprinted tissues.Stimulus-assisted in situ bioprinting holds great potential in regenerative medicine via improving the bioactivities of the deposited bioink and improving the success rates of the treatments. The fabrication of 3D bioconstructs using bioprinters will advance the field of regenerative medicine owing to its ability to facilitate clinical treatments. Additional stimulations have been applied to the bioconstructs to guide cells laden in the bioconstructs. However, the conventional bench-to-bedside delivery based on separate bioprinting and biostimulating processes may increase the risks of contamination and shape discordance owing to the considerably long process involved. In situ bioprinting is aimed at eliminating these risks, but stimulation strategies implied during in situ printing have not yet been extensively reviewed. Here, we present the concept of stimulus-assisted in situ bioprinting, which integrates the printing and biostimulation processes by directly applying stimuli to the bioink during fabrication. The fabrication of 3D bioconstructs using bioprinters will advance the field of regenerative medicine owing to its ability to facilitate clinical treatments. Additional stimulations have been applied to the bioconstructs to guide cells laden in the bioconstructs. However, the conventional bench-to-bedside delivery based on separate bioprinting and biostimulating processes may increase the risks of contamination and shape discordance owing to the considerably long process involved. In situ bioprinting is aimed at eliminating these risks, but stimulation strategies implied during in situ printing have not yet been extensively reviewed. Here, we present the concept of stimulus-assisted in situ bioprinting, which integrates the printing and biostimulation processes by directl