Schistosoma mansoni infection and hepatocellular carcinoma: a comorbidity study

Background The implication of human Schistosoma mansoni ( S. mansoni ) infection in concomitance with other risk factors such as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still under controversy. This work aimed. to evaluate the role of S. mansoni infection in association with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and other risk factors in the development and/or progress of HCC. Methods The present study was carried out on 90 HCC patients recruited from Kafr El-Sheikh Liver Disease Research Institute. After obtaining their informed consents, socio-demographic and clinical data were collected and patients were examined for S. mansoni by Kato-Katz and indirect hemagglutination (IHA) techniques. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was determined. The Child-Pugh scoring system and Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system were used to evaluate the pathological features of the studied patients. Results All participants were negative for active S. mansoni by Kato-Katz. Based on IHA, the participants were categorized into two groups: group I: sixty-two patients negative for S. mansoni and group II: twenty-eight schistosomiasis positive. The patients’ age ranged between 40->60, HCC was more prevalent in the age range of > 50–60 years in both groups. Males were more than females and rural participants were more than urban patients in both groups. Most of the patients (88.9%) had HCV while 7.8% had HBV. A higher proportion of HCC patients showed concomitant HCV and S. mansoni (92.6%) than the S. mansoni negative group. The frequency of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) was four-fold higher among HCC patients positive for schistosomiasis compared to negative schistosomiasis cases (64% vs. 16%). Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level was higher in group II than that in group I with no significant difference. Statistical analysis showed no difference between the two studied groups regarding Child scores. On the contrary, BCLC class D was significantly higher among HCC positive schistosomiasis cases compared to the negative group. Conclusion Concomitant S. mansoni with HCV and HBV potentiate HCC progression.