Insights into the effects of lanthanides on mammalian systems and potential applications

Lanthanides, a group of elements with unique chemical properties, have garnered significant attention for their varied biological effects, ranging from cytotoxic to protective, depending on concentration, cell type, and exposure conditions. This review provides a detailed examination of the biological interactions of lanthanides with mammalian systems, including humans, by exploring their impact on different cell lines and organisms. Through a systematic assessment of current research, this work highlights the dual nature of lanthanides, identifying them as both potential therapeutic agents and environmental toxins. Furthermore, it underscores the importance of understanding their mechanisms to mitigate health risks, particularly for those exposed occupationally or via environmental sources. The review concludes with an overview of knowledge gaps and future research directions necessary for unlocking the therapeutic potential of lanthanides while ensuring safety and sustainability in their applications. •Lanthanides exhibit both cytotoxic and protective effects, with potential applications in cancer treatment due to selective toxicity on tumor cells.•The toxicity of lanthanides varies by element, concentration, and exposure route, necessitating further study on their long-term impact on human health.•Current gaps in knowledge on the effects of prenatal and chronic exposure to lanthanides underscore the need for comprehensive studies on their environmental and health impacts.•Novel approaches, such as omics technologies, are crucial for further understanding lanthanides' biochemical pathways and exploring their potential in therapeutic applications.