Tracing water governance across different levels in Iran

Water governance involves complex interactions among diverse stakeholders across various scales and locations, necessitating a deep understanding of stakeholder network dynamics for effective management. This research aims to explore and contrast the dynamics within water governance networks by examining two specific contexts: first, the variation between upstream and downstream areas of a river basin, where water scarcity intensifies from upstream to downstream; and second, the differences between upper-level (provincial) and lower-level (county) administrative bodies. This study seeks to understand how these distinct spatial and administrative settings influence the management and governance of water resources. This study employs social network analysis to examine the water governance structures within Iran's Karkheh basin, focusing on the distinctions between comparing provincial and county levels, as well as upstream and downstream areas. Through semi-structured interviews and surveys with 43 institutions, it analyses relationships using network measures such as density, transitivity, and centrality. The analysis reveals stronger network structures in upstream counties than downstream and at the county level (lower administrative level) than provincial level. The results highlight the need for reform to enhance coordination and grassroots participation. Recommendations include forming a joint provincial-county committee to effectively improve governance and address water scarcity challenges. •Understanding water governance dynamics: Insights from Iran's Karkheh Basin.•Spatial and administrative influences on water management: A social network analysis perspective.•Contrasting network structures: Upstream vs. downstream and provincial vs. county differences.•Reforming water governance: Recommendations informed for enhanced coordination and grassroots participation.