Marine plastic pollution: A systematic review of management strategies through a macroscope approach

Alternatives to address the ocean plastic crisis have been a hot topic in scientific literature, although a systemic approach to assess their effectiveness and identify bottlenecks is still lacking. To contribute to discussions on this topic, this study aims to conduct a literature review on current scientific information regarding management strategies for marine plastic pollution. The PRISMA method was used to select the most relevant articles from the Scopus® database, resulting in a sample of 176 articles after applying exclusion criteria for full-text evaluation. Unlike other literature review studies, Odum's Macroscope is used here to develop a model that provides a systemic view of the plastic crisis on a large scale, encompassing various compartments and their interactions. Specifically, eight compartments are identified: industry, consumers, waste collection & management, freshwater systems, fisheries, aquaculture and shipping, marine ecosystems, marine plastic collection and recycling, and life cycle. Each piece of literature reviewed is categorized into one of these compartments and discussed accordingly. The highlights of the results indicate that: (i) waste collection & management and freshwater systems, which are primary pathways for plastic litter reaching the ocean, have been relatively under-investigated compared to other compartments. (ii) Most studies originate from developed countries, raising doubts about the effectiveness of management proposals in underdeveloped countries. (ii) Existing strategies for collecting and recycling marine litter are unlikely to be implemented at a large scale due to operational obstacles, thus offering insufficient mitigation for the plastic crisis. (iv) The development of new biomaterials has proven mostly ineffective and harmful. (v) Alternatives management for microplastic pollution are still in their infancy, resulting in scarce information across all compartments. (vi) No studies focus on the origin of the plastic issue, which lies in the petrochemical industry. From a general perspective, the literature indicates that there is no one-size-fits-all management strategy to the plastic crisis, and the available options are often scattered and disconnected, making a systemic approach essential for studying such a transboundary issue. While efforts exist, stakeholders must act to effectively address the problem, or at least make meaningful progress. The marine plastic crisis operates systemically, analogou