Testing a Nanoparticle Reagent for Imaging Mass Cytometry

Mass cytometry (MC), a powerful single-cell analysis technique, has limitations in detecting low-abundance biomarkers. Nanoparticle (NP) reagents offer the potential for enhancing sensitivity by carrying large numbers of heavy metal isotopes. Here, we report NP reporters for imaging mass cytometry (IMC) based on NaYF4:Yb3+/Er3+ NPs. A two-step ligand exchange was used to coat NP surfaces with either methoxy-PEG2K-neridronate (PEG-Ner) and/or poly­(sulfobetaine methacrylate)-neridronate (PSBMA-Ner). Both modifications provided long-term colloidal stability in PBS buffer. IMC measurements on tonsil tissue showed that PSBMA-Ner or a 1:1 mixture of PSBMA-Ner + PEG-Ner effectively suppressed nonspecific binding (NSB) at 2 × 1010 NPs/mL, unlike PEG-Ner alone. However, breast cancer tissue samples showed increased NSB at titers above 2 × 1010 NPs/mL. Reduced NSB with mixed PEG-Ner and PSBMA-Ner coatings opens the door for using heterobifunctional PEGs for the development of NP conjugates with bioaffinity agents, enabling more sensitive and specific MC analyses.