Best practices and current implementation of emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors - Part 2: Development, validation, and social impact

The amalgamation of computer-like capabilities and portability of modern smartphones has fuelled their implementation as detectors and interfaces in emerging smartphone-based (bio)sensors (SbSs) for e.g. healthcare, point-of-need, food safety, environmental science, and forensics systems. SbSs intrinsically carry great potential for consumer diagnostics, and future ‘citizen science’ approaches, which have far-reaching implications for the technological, legal, and ethical aspects associated with the research, development, and deployment of SbSs. In this review (part 2 of a pair of review papers), we evaluated the pertinent literature on issues concerning the development and validation of SbSs, and we address their potential social impact. Finally, insights gleaned are combined in a set of recommendations to guide future ethical, sustainable, and efficient research, development, and deployment of SbSs. [Display omitted] •Advances in smartphone-based (bio)sensor (SbS) applications were reviewed for the years 2016–2022.•This review presents critical evaluation of best practices that should be followed for developments and validation.•Potential social impact of SbSs is examined based on the characteristics that an ideal SbS should carry.•Suggestions for best practices for development and implementation of SbS are proposed.