The future role of offshore renewable energy technologies in the North Sea energy system

•Detailed Spatial and technological learning inputs improved system-level analysis.•Offshore wind deployment in the North Sea grows to a maximum of 498 GW by 2050.•222 GW of fixed-bottom and 276 GW of floating wind by 2050 in the North Sea.•Floating wind’s role is influenced by cost and capacity to make hydrogen offshore.•Role of emerging offshore renewables remains limited in all scenarios considered. Offshore renewables are expected to play a significant role in achieving the ambitious emission targets set by the North Sea countries. Among other factors, energy technology costs and their cost reduction potential determine their future role in the energy system. While fixed-bottom offshore wind is well-established and competitive in this region, generation costs of other emerging offshore renewable technologies remain high. Hence, it is vital to better understand the future role of offshore renewables in the North Sea energy system and the impact of technological learning on their optimal deployments, which is not well-studied in the current literature. This study implements an improved framework of integrated energy system analysis to overcome the stated knowledge gap. The approach applies detailed spatial constraints and opportunities of energy infrastructure deployment in the North Sea and also technology cost reduction forecasts of offshore renewables. Both of these parameters are often excluded or overlooked in similar analyses, leading to overestimation of benefits and technology deployments in the energy system. Three significant conclusions are derived from this study. First, offshore wind plays a crucial role in the North Sea power sector, where deployment grows to a maximum of 498 GW by 2050 (222 GW of fixed-bottom and 276 GW of floating wind) from 100 GW in 2030, contributing up to 51% of total power generation and declining cumulative system cost of power and hydrogen system by 4.2% (approx. 40 billion EUR in cost savings), when compared with the slow learning and constrained space use case. Second, floating wind deployment is highly influenced by its cost reduction trend and ability to produce hydrogen offshore; emphasizing the importance of investing in floating wind in this decade as the region lacks commercial deployments that would stimulate its cost reduction. Also, the maximum floating wind deployment in the North Sea energy system declined by 70% (162 GW from 276 GW) when offshore hydrogen production was avoided, while fixed-bottom off