Micropropagation and In Vitro Sanitation of Fig (Ficus carica L.)—a Review

Micropropagation of fig is playing an interesting role in the rapid multiplication of varieties with important characters and the regeneration of virus-free plants. FMD (Fig Mosaic Disease) is the viral disorder the most spread all over the world and considered as a serious problem for healthy fig plant propagation and high fig production. During the last four decades, many efficient protocols have been established for in vitro large-scale propagation of female figs and caprifigs for plant material sanitation. Successful micropropagation of figs using meristematic tissues (nodal segments or apical buds) is dependant to several external and internal factors including in vitro conditions (media components essentially) and ex vitro (genotype and physiological state, etc.). Specific requirements during all steps of plant regeneration, such as the initiation of in vitro cultures, shoot multiplication, plantlet rooting and acclimatization are summarized in this review. The efficacy of meristem and tip culture in the eradication of viruses from fig vitroplants is also reported. New approaches for the improvement of shoot multiplication and fig vitroplant quality (bioreactors, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, etc.) and the genetic stability and conformity of micropropagated plantlets are discussed.