Concomitant sarcopenia and undernutrition: Impact on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis

Sarcopenia and undernutrition are crucial in the cycle of frailty in patients requiring hemodialysis therapy, and their deleterious clinical consequences are well documented. However, little attention has been directed towards examining their combined impact on clinical outcomes. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of concomitant sarcopenia and undernutrition on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis. This prospective cohort study recruited outpatients undergoing hemodialysis from four facilities. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia, 2019. Undernutrition was determined using the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, with a score of