Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older People’s Loneliness: Findings from a Longitudinal Study between 2019 and 2021 among Older Home-Dwellers in Finland

Objectives To investigate the change in feelings of loneliness among Finnish community-dwelling older people from before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019 to during the pandemic in 2021. Moreover, we explore the changes in other dimensions of psychological well-being (PWB) during the study period. Design Questionnaires were mailed in the 2019 Helsinki Aging Study, a repeated cohort study. A follow-up interview was carried on over the telephone during the year 2021. Setting and Participants A random sample of 2,917 home-dwelling older people aged 75–104 years residing in Helsinki, Finland were mailed the questionnaire. Altogether 898 participated in the follow-up. Measurements Loneliness was measured using a single item question “Do you suffer from loneliness?”. Other items of psychological well-being were measured: ”Are you satisfied with your life?“ (yes/no), “Do you feel useful?“ (yes/no), ”Do you have a zest for life?“ (yes/no),”Do you have plans for the future?“ (yes/no), and ”Do you feel depressed?”(“rarely or never”/”sometimes”/”often or always”). Results Altogether 898 people participated both in 2019 and 2021. The subjects’ mean age was 83 years and 66% were women. Between 2019 and 2021, the prevalence of experienced loneliness increased among older home-dwellers from 26% to 30%. During two years of the pandemic feelings of loneliness (RR 1.79, 95% CI: 1.30 to 2.46) and depression (RR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.12 to 1.67) increased even adjusted with various confounders. Conclusion Considering the impact loneliness has on health and well-being, the finding of increased feelings of loneliness among older people is alarming. Actions to combat loneliness need to be taken.