Monensin poisoning outbreak in free-ranging and captive birds

Monensin poisoning is uncommon and has been rarely reported in birds. This work aimed to described clinical-pathological aspects of an outbreak of monensin poisoning in captive and free-ranging birds. Thirty-seven of 600 captive birds fed a diet containing 893.19 mg/kg of monensin died within 10 days (mortality 6.17%). There was no ionophore antibiotics on the feed label supplied to captive birds, which established an error in feed production. Necropsies were performed on twelve animals: Muscovy duck ( Cairina moschata ) (2/12), greater rhea ( Rhea americana ) (2/12), black-necked swan ( Cygnus melancoryphus ) (2/12), garganey ( Anas querquedula ) (1/12), ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) (1/12), and common pigeon ( Columbus livia) (4/12). These four common pigeons were free-ranging birds and died after eating the same contaminated feed. Birds were mainly found dead, however in animals which clinical signs were observed ( Columba livia , Rhea americana , Cairina moschata , Anas querquedula , and Struthio camelus) , they included incoordination, inability to stand, and intense prostration, that ranged from 24 to 72 h until death. Grossly, five birds had focally extensive pale firm areas in the myocardium and two had in the skeletal muscles, one being concomitant lesions. Histologically, muscle necrosis and degeneration were observed in striated musculature (skeletal and/or heart) in all birds analyzed. Monensin poisoning outbreaks can affect free-ranging birds that are fed on external feeders, as well as captive birds, due to an error in the feed formulation.