The intestinal epithelial-macrophage-crypt stem cell axis plays a crucial role in regulating and maintaining intestinal homeostasis

The intestinal tract plays a vital role in both digestion and immunity, making its equilibrium crucial for overall health. This equilibrium relies on the dynamic interplay among intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and crypt stem cells. Intestinal epithelial cells play a pivotal role in protecting and regulating the gut. They form vital barriers, modulate immune responses, and engage in pathogen defense and cytokine secretion. Moreover, they supervise the regulation of intestinal stem cells. Macrophages, serving as immune cells, actively influence the immune response through the phagocytosis of pathogens and the release of cytokines. They also contribute to regulating intestinal stem cells. Stem cells, known for their self-renewal and differentiation abilities, play a vital role in repairing damaged intestinal epithelium and maintaining homeostasis. Although research has primarily concentrated on the connections between epithelial and stem cells, interactions with macrophages have been less explored. This review aims to fill this gap by exploring the roles of the intestinal epithelial-macrophage-crypt stem cell axis in maintaining intestinal balance. It seeks to unravel the intricate dynamics and regulatory mechanisms among these essential players. A comprehensive understanding of these cell types' functions and interactions promises insights into intestinal homeostasis regulation. Moreover, it holds potential for innovative approaches to manage conditions like radiation-induced intestinal injury, inflammatory bowel disease, and related diseases. Illustrates the interaction patterns among intestinal epithelial cells, macrophages, and crypt stem cells. Intestinal epithelial cells are crucial in safeguarding and regulating the intestine through various mechanisms, including mitochondrial function, toll-like receptors, and tight junctions. Beyond establishing a vital barrier, these cells also exert control over macrophage function, modulating the immune response by influencing macrophage polarization and participating in defense against pathogens as well as the secretion of cytokines. Macrophages contribute positively to the promotion of intestinal stem cell proliferation through their regulatory role. Stem cells, endowed with self-renewal and differentiation capabilities, play a pivotal role in repairing damaged intestinal epithelium and maintaining homeostasis. This involvement occurs through diverse signaling pathways such as BMP, Wnt, and Notch. The